alvin8139 Wrote:RonPurewal Wrote:(d) and (e) contain a COMMA + -ING modifier that is used incorrectly.
a COMMA + -ING modifier is an adverbial modifier that modifies the entire clause to which it's attached, and is attributed to the subject of that clause.
in this context, you only want to modify the preceding noun ("tribes"), so COMMA + -ING is inappropriate.
Pls help confirm if my understanding is correct:
"infomally related..." is a "Verb-ed" modifier modify 'knit'. (Comma+Verb-ed modify the noun or noun phrase immediately precede it).
A modifier can be omitted, hence, the subject of "Comma + Interacting" here should be the "the confederacy". The Comma+ -ING here gramatically cannot modify "knit", since it's the object of the preceding clause.
Thanks for your feedback in advance
this is mostly incorrect.
first, it seems that you've mistaken "knit" for a noun. it's not; it's an adjective.
if you don't know that from mastery of the language, you can figure it out from the fact that "knit" is preceded by "loosely" -- an adverb. you can't put an adverb in front of a noun, a fact that's sufficient to prove that "knit" is not a noun.
the "-ed" part is also not a following modifier; it's a past participle that (together with the preceding adverb "informally") serves as an adjective. with "informally related" correctly considered as an adjective, this part ("loosely knit, informally related neighboring tribes") has the same construction as "big, ugly mess", except with adverbs in front of "big" and "ugly".
you are correct, though, about the subject of what is (incorrectly) being modified by the COMMA -ING modifier: "confederacy". technically, the subject and verb of the modified clause are "which was...", but "which" refers back to "confederacy".
remember that when you SOLVE the problem, you
should not bother to figure out what is modified by a modifier, once you've determined that the modifier
doesn't modify what it
should modify. since you've already established that the modifier is incorrect, it's a waste of time to clarify the issue any further.
when you REVIEW the problems, on the other hand, it's quite useful to investigate such issues in full.