Verb+ing modifiers

[FaysalT485]

Hello everyone,

a follow GMAT student has mentioned that a VERB+ING should modify the previous clause and should make sense with the subject of that clause. Now my questions are:

Is this rule only for VERB+ing ? and not for VERB+ED ?
the previous clause can be either dependent or independent ?
and the VERB+ING should make sense with the subject of that clause rather than the closes main noun ? ( Like in the "comma which case" )
should there be a comma before the VERB+ING for this rule to work ?

Thank you !

[RonPurewal]

that's a rule for "comma + __ing".

[RonPurewal]

these basics are explained in our sentence correction guide, so, you should acquire that guide. this forum isn't the right place for questions about fundamentals.
thanks.