choice D contains two VERY fundamental problems.
honestly, if you can't see BOTH of the these errors QUICKLY AND EASILY... you need to think—long and hard—about whether you are setting priorities properly. These are both things that you should see IMMEDIATELY.
• "there have emerged ... a picture"
singular subject, plural verb
• "the patterns of ocean currents and what caused them" (WORSE PARALLELISM)
... versus "the patterns and causes of ocean currents" in other choices (BETTER PARALLELISM)
there is NO reason to look at ANYTHING ELSE in choice D. if your attention goes ANYWHERE except one of these two things... your priorities are badly misaligned with the MAJOR concentrations of GMAT SC.