"first off, the construction (preposition) + NOUN + VERBing is WRONG, unless the preposition refers directly to the NOUN. (that isn't usually the case, so, if you're in doubt, you should strike choices with this sort of construction.)
for instance:
i've never heard of bees stinging dogs
WRONG. this is not an issue of whether you've heard of bees themselves; it's an issue of whether you've heard of their stinging dogs.
...results in the act of stinging causing...
WRONG. this doesn't result in the act of stinging itself; it results in what is caused by the act of stinging.
Please advise how to identify whether preposition refers directly to the NOUN or not?
if you have "preposition + NOUN + VERBing", then "VERBing" is just a modifier, and can be dropped without changing the surrounding grammar.
therefore, the sentence should still make sense, in context, if you write it as just "preposition + NOUN", without the "VERBing" modifier.
therefore, the sentence at hand can be reduced to "... results in the act of stinging".
that's incorrect -- the act of stinging is not the result here; the fact that the stinger is heavily barbed does not cause the actual act of stinging.
go ahead and apply this principle to the examples above:
i've never heard of bees stinging dogs
--> i've never heard of bees
doesn't make sense anymore. wrong.
..results in the act of stinging causing...
--> ..results in the act of stinging
doesn't makes sense anymore. wrong.
i have a picture of my cousin playing hockey.
--> i have a picture of my cousin.
still makes sense, so this one is ok.
1)
He is CEO of an MNC soaring quickly.
He is CEO of an MNC. << Right makes sense
2)
I saw a bird sitting on the man standing out.
I saw a bird sitting on the man << Right makes sense
3)
i've never heard of bees stinging dogs
i've never heard of bees << Right makes sense
4)
Retailers reported loss, because of their sales being bad.
Retailers reported loss, because of their sales << Right makes sense
5)
Retailers reported loss, because of their sales having been bad.
Retailers reported loss, because of their sales << Right makes sense
I am removing the VERBING modifier in all 5 sentences. All make sense and appear correct to me, but I guess based on other post last three are incorrect.
I do not know why last 3 are incorrect and how to differentiate right and wrong cases.
Please advice.
Thank you in advance.